SCHEDULES

SCHEDULES

 

FIRST SCHEDULE 

      I. —The States.

     II. —The Union territories.

SECOND SCHEDULE                            

     PART A—- Provisions as to the President and the Governors of States.

     PART B—[Repealed.]

PART C—Provisions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of   the House of  the    People   and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of   the Council   of      States   and   the  Speaker  and  the  Deputy Speaker  of  the   Legislative Assembly and the Chairman  and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative  Council of a State.                                     

    PART D— Provisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts.

     PART E— Provisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.

THIRD  SCHEDULE— Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.

FOURTH  SCHEDULE—

Allocation of seats in the Council of States.

FIFTH SCHEDULE—

 Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled                                          Areas and Scheduled Tribes

      PART A—General.

      PART B—Administration and  Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.

      PART C— Scheduled Areas.

      PART D—Amendment of the Schedule.

SIXTH SCHEDULE—

Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.

 SEVENTH SCHEDULE—

 List I — Union List.

      List II— State List.

      List III— Concurrent List.

EIGHTH SCHEDULE— Languages.

NINTH SCHEDULE—Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.

TENTH SCHEDULE— Provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection.

ELEVENTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.

TWELFTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.

Aging.

Aging. 

Aging is defined as the process of progressive deterioration in the structure and junction of the cells, tissues and organs of the organism as it grows older. 

 The area of develop­mental biology which is concerned with the study of the process of aging and death is called gerontology.

Death, Significance of death, Other advantages of death.

Death

This is a well known fact that life is lost due to death and the organism reprodi compensate for this loss of life. Death is an inherent part of the life cycle of an organism. Ho' the biology of death is not completely understood as yet. Some organisms live only for short ods, while the other may have a life of several decades or even centuries. Even if an indi' meets no fatal accident, is not eaten up by a predator, or does not suffer a killing disease, comes as the natural final result of old age. As an organism grows older, its power of gradually declines and its capacity to replace the worn out cells and to repair the damaged decreases. Ultimately some vital organ, such as the heart, kidney, the brain or the liver si function altogether and death of the body occurs.

Significance of death. In biology, death has a great significance. All living plants and mals and the non-living stones, rocks, etc., are constituted of matter. They are cycled bioloj

When organisms die, microorganisms invade the dead materials. As a result the elei which the living bodies are constituted, such as C, H, N, O, Ca, K, P and S, are freed from I covalent bonds and return to the ecosystem. Thus, recycling of elements between living and living matter takes place. This type of recycling maintains the balance of matter in nature.

Other advantages of death. Reproduction and death contribute to regulate the number individuals in the population.

Dead tissues, such as heartwood and cork in plants and nails, horns, hooves and down fe ers in animals help in support and protection. The outer layer of our skin consists of dead cells protects our body from loss of body fluids and from various infections.

Mature sclerenchyma cells provide mechanical support to the plant body. Heartwood vides a strong internal mechanical support to the trunk of tree, so that, it is not uprooted. On j other hand, the dead vessels of xylem serve as channels for conducting water and minerals to heights of trees.

For instance, cells of the tail and external gills of a tadpole die according to schedule help the tadpole in becoming a frog.

During maturation of xylem vessels in angiosperms, cross walls dissolve in scheduled and long vessels are formed

Living and the Non-Living organisms, Metabolism, Growth and Development

Living and the Non-Living

If we chemically analyse a living organism, plant or animal, we find that it is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and a few other elements. However, a mixture of these elements does not make a living organism. Then, how do we define life. It is difficult to arrive at a universal definition of life. Nevertheless, it is possible to characterise living things. We may say that living organisms are those characterised by the following features.

(i) Organisation All living organisms have a definite shape and size as well as physical and chemical composition inherited from their parents. This is possible because of a high degree of organisation. The molecules of which an organism is made up are organised into cells, which in turn are organised into tissues, organs and organ systems making the whole individual. This kind of complex organisation is not found in non-living things.

(ii) Metabolism Green plants obtain their nourishment from the environment in the form of water, carbon dioxide, and certain minerals which are utilised to synthesize carbohydrates during photosynthesis. Carbohydrates are in turn broken down during respiration and the energy thus released is used to synthesize other organic compounds like lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc. which make up the body. Animals, bacteria and fungi, on the other hand, obtain nourishment in the form of organic compounds and utilise them to synthesize compounds they need. Such reactions do not occur in non-living objects.

(iii) Growth and Development Living organisms often arise from a single cell which divides and re-divides to form a large number of cells that differentiate into the various organs of the body. These kind of phenomena are not known in the non-living world.

(iv) Reproduction Living organisms, unlike non-living, are universally recognised by their capacity to multiply their own types by means of asexual or sexual reproduction.

(v) Responsiveness All living organisms respond to stimuli, e.g., roots move towards the earth and shoots toward the sun, stomates open during the day and close during the night, and the dog wags its tail on seeing its j master. This kind of response does not occur in the non­living.

(vi) Adaptation    Organisms have the ability to adapt themselves to the needs of the environment which helps j them to survive. For example, plants growing in saline soils have a high-concentration of salts in their body and those in deserts have few leaves with thick waxy coatings. Likewise, animals living in cold climates have a thick coat of hair on the body and a chameleon can change its body colour according to its surroundings.

THE STUDY OF LIFE, Biology, father of biology

Biology is the study of living organisms, that is all plant and animal life, including man. Its significance is, therefore, obvious. However, its study started in the beginning as a result of man's curiosity about nature. He often wondered how small seedlings of plants developed into large trees and young ones of animals grew into full-sized animals resembling their parents. Nevertheless, his interest centered around plants and animals that he found useful for food, shelter and clothing, or were of medicinal value. He searched, hunted, collected and tried to preserve such species. In the process, he learnt to domesticate animals and grow plants at his convenience. This was the dawn of agriculture which changed his life altogether.

The study of biology as a science, however, started with the observations on plants and animals made by Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher and teacher, who is known as the father of biology. But the term 'biology' was coined later by a French naturalist, Jean Lamarck.

Till the middle ages, biology was a descriptive science, devoted to describing plants and animals on the basis of their external appearance as seen by the unaided eye. But the invention of the compound microscope in the seventeenth century made it possible to study the internal structure of plants as well as animals and extremely small micro-organisms like bacteria.

PART I : THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

PART I : THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

1. Name and territory of the Union

2. Admission or establishment of new States

2A. Repealed.

3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States

4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Infectious diseases are caused by microscopic organisms commonly called germs. Physicians refer to these disease-causing organisms as pathogens. Pathogens that infect humans include a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and parasitic worms. In addition, it has been theorized that some proteins called prions may cause infectious diseases.